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City Planning History
In New York City’s history, the City Charter has established and modified the structure for planning for the city.
1936 – Established City Planning Commission with seven members
1961 - Community Planning Boards created (precursors to Community Boards)
1975 – Uniform Land Use Review Procedure (ULURP) created with review by Community Boards at the beginning of the process and review and vote by Board of Estimate (BOE) at the end of the process. Citywide elected officials had a majority on BOE.
1989 – Board of Estimate ruled unconstitutional. City Council replaces BOE at the end of ULURP. City Planning Commission expanded to 13 members including appointees of Borough Presidents and Public Advocate. Mayor retains 1-commission member majority on City Planning Commission, appointing 7 of 13 members.
New York City has been a pioneer in the development of urban planning in the United States; the nation's first comprehensive zoning resolution was enacted by the city in 1916. But it was not until 20 years later that New Yorkers voted to approve a new City Charter that established the City Planning Commission and gave it the responsibility to prepare plans and to draft and approve amendments to the Zoning Resolution.
Shortly after the turn of the century, the drive to establish a permanent planning agency in New York City was led by two advocates of municipal reform, George McAneny and Edward M. Bassett. McAneny had been elected Manhattan Borough President in 1909; he was president of the City Club and chairman of its Committee on City Planning. Bassett, a lawyer and a former congressman, was appointed to the Public Service Commission in 1907 and played an important part in planning for the city's expanding subway system.
In 1912, at the urging of the Fifth Avenue Association, whose members were concerned about congestion and declining land values, McAneny submitted a report to the Board of Estimate, formally known as the Board of Estimate and Apportionment, calling for more extensive building controls. The board, a quasi-legislative body consisting of the Mayor, Borough Presidents, Comptroller and, what is known today as the City Council President, did not act on it.
One year later, however, the Board of Estimate appointed a Committee on City Planning to make recommendations on possible limitations on the heights of buildings and selected McAneny to be its chairman.
The Committee on City Planning issued its report in 1914 and recommended the creation of a permanent city planning agency. The appendix of the report contained the draft of a bill (passed by the state legislature later that year) which gave the Board of Estimate the power to regulate heights and uses of buildings.
Another committee, under Bassett's leadership, was appointed to gather data necessary to evolve a coherent plan of land use districting. This committee's report formed the basis for the landmark 1916 Zoning Resolution, which reflected borough and local interests (Bassett and McAneny had carefully crafted the resolution to win their support). The resolution regulated the heights of buildings and divided the city into districts by land use. However, no agency was created to administer the new zoning law. The Chief Engineer of the Board of Estimate advised the Board on zoning amendments.
In 1926, Mayor James J. Walker appointed a Committee on Plan and Survey to study planning in New York and to draft a bill that would create a planning agency. The committee was composed of distinguished New Yorkers including McAneny, Bassett, Herbert Lehman, and Nicholas Murray Butler. In 1928 the committee proposed the creation of a City Planning Commission with jurisdiction over the city's physical development. Bassett drafted an amendment to the City Charter intended to create a City Planning Commission. However, the bill died in the state legislature.
Business associations, the newspapers, the Real Estate Board, the East Side Chamber of Commerce, and influential New Yorkers continued to press for a planning body. Mayor Walker sponsored a bill to create a planning department-with power over zoning-headed by a single commissioner. Local Law No. 16 was signed by Mayor Walker on July 17, 1930, after it had passed the Board of Estimate by a slim majority.
However, the new agency was ineffective as it had no real authority. When the depression dictated budget cuts, the department was abolished on February 1, 1933 for reasons of economy.
When Fiorello H. LaGuardia became mayor in 1934, he promised to establish a new planning agency. A commission to revise the City Charter was formed in 1935, with proposed revisions subject to vote by the electorate, and the mayor had his opportunity.
Public hearings on the proposed new charter began in May, 1936. LaGuardia and Bassett spoke in favor of a planning body. Ironically, George McAneny said that a planning agency should be advisory, with no zoning authority. The planning commission was opposed by some elected officials and others, including the Bronx Board of Trade, the Bronx and Queens Chambers of Commerce, and various Staten Island groups. The planning body was endorsed by the Citizens Union, the Regional Plan Association, the City Club, the Merchants Association, and the League of Women Voters.
The struggle for and against the charter went on into the fall. The planning commission proposal remained intact but faded into the background as other segments of the new charter took center stage in the discussions. In November, New Yorkers voted to adopt the new City Charter by nearly 65% approval.
The establishment of the City Planning Commission provided the structure for comprehensive planning in New York City, replacing a haphazard planning and zoning system that functioned principally through the interaction of interest groups and political forces. For the first time New York had a professional agency with a single purpose: to serve the people of New York by planning for the entire city.
Mayor LaGuardia selected Adolph A. Berle to be the first chairman of the City Planning Commission. He was replaced several months later by Rexford Tugwell, formerly an adviser to President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Among the first group of commissioners was Lawrence Orton of the Regional Plan Association, who served for 31 years, the longest tenure of any commissioner.
As established by the 1936 Charter, the City Planning Commission had seven members, six appointed by the mayor with the chief engineer of the Board of Estimate serving ex-officio as the seventh member. To ensure the political autonomy of the commission, the six appointees—one designated by the mayor as chairman—were to serve eight-year overlapping terms. In that way, a majority of members could not be appointed during a mayor's single four-year term of office. The chief engineer of the Board of Estimate, a career civil servant, was not subject to appointment for a term.
View the 
Brooklyn Daily Eagle announcing the members of the newly formed City Planning Commission.
The 1936 Charter also provided for the establishment of the Department of City Planning, headed by the chairman of the City Planning Commission and staffed with engineers, architects, experts, and other officers and employees as needed. Both the Commission and the Department began functioning in 1938.
The commission did not reach full strength until 1945 when Mayor LaGuardia appointed the sixth member. The stipulation that the chief engineer serve ex-officio was dropped when the Charter was revised in 1963 to require that all seven members of the commission be appointed by the mayor. The Charter amendment of 1975 added two requirements: that the City Council would approve by advice and consent the six commission members-other than the chairman-appointed for eight-year terms, and that the commission would consist of at least one resident from each borough of the city.
View the City Planning Commissioners’ terms of office from 1938-1989.
In the wake of the elimination of the Board of Estimate in 1989, a 1989 Charter amendment made effective in 1990 further altered the composition of the Commission by increasing the number of commissioners to thirteen: seven members appointed by the Mayor, including the Chair; one appointed by each Borough President; and one appointed by the Public Advocate. The Chair serves at the pleasure of the Mayor, while the other Commissioners are appointed to staggered five year terms. However, all members shall be chosen for their independence, integrity, and civic commitment, and the appointment of all members, other than the chair, is subject to the advice and consent of the City Council. This is the structure of today’s City Planning Commission, which reviews nearly 500 public and private applications a year, and has, since its establishment 75 years ago, reviewed more than 25,000 land use applications.
1916 Zoning Resolution
As early as the 1870’s and 1880’s, New Yorkers began to protest the loss of light and air as taller residential buildings began to appear in Manhattan. In response, the state legislature enacted a series of height restrictions on residential buildings, culminating in the Tenement House Act of 1901.
By then, New York City had become the financial center of the country and expanding businesses needed office space. With the introduction of steel frame construction techniques and improved elevators, technical restraints that had limited building height vanished. The Manhattan skyline was beginning to assume its distinctive form.
In 1915, when the 42-story Equitable Building was erected in Lower Manhattan, the need for controls on the height and form of all buildings became clear. Rising without setbacks to its full height of 538 feet, the Equitable Building cast a seven-acre shadow over neighboring buildings, affecting their value and setting the stage for the nation’s first comprehensive zoning resolution.
Other forces were also at work during the same period. Housing shortages, caused by an influx of new immigrants, created a market for tenements built to maximum bulk and minimum standards. Warehouses and factories began to encroach upon the fashionable stores along Ladies’ Mile, edging uncomfortably close to Fifth Avenue. Intrusions like these and the impacts of rapid growth added urgency to the calls of reformers for zoning restrictions separating residential, commercial and manufacturing uses and for new and more effective height and setback controls for all uses.
The concept of enacting a set of laws to govern land use and bulk was revolutionary, but the time had come for the city to regulate its surging physical growth. The groundbreaking Zoning Resolution of 1916, though a relatively simple document, established height and setback controls and designated residential districts that excluded what were seen as incompatible uses. It fostered the iconic tall, slender towers that came to epitomize the city’s business districts and established the familiar scale of three- to six-story residential buildings found in much of the city. The new ordinance became a model for urban communities throughout the United States as other growing cities found that New York’s problems were not unique.
But, while other cities were adopting the New York model, the model itself refused to stand still. The Zoning Resolution was frequently amended to be responsive to major shifts in population and land use caused by a variety of factors: continuing waves of immigration that helped to swell the city’s population from five million in 1916 to over eight million in 2010; new mass transit routes and the growth corridors they created; the emergence of technology and consequent economic and lifestyle changes; the introduction of government housing and development programs; and, perhaps more than anything else, the increase in automobile usage, which revolutionized land use patterns and created traffic and parking problems never imagined in 1916.
1916 Zoning Resolution including all amendments adopted prior to November 1, 1960 represents the final amended version of the Zoning Resolution prior to the 1961 comprehensive amendment.
1961 Zoning Resolution
By mid-century, many of the underlying planning principles of the 1916 document no longer stood the test of time. If, for example, the city had been built out at the density envisioned in 1916, it could have contained over 55 million people, far beyond its realistic capacity. New theories were capturing the imaginations of planners. Le Corbusier’s “tower-in-the-park” model was influencing urban designers of the time and the concept of incentive zoning - trading additional floor area for public amenities - began to take hold. The last, still vacant areas on the city’s edges needed to be developed at densities that recognized the new, automobile-oriented lifestyle. Also, demands to make zoning approvals simpler, swifter and more comprehensible were a constant.
Eventually, it was evident that the original 1916 framework needed to be completely reconsidered. After lengthy study and public debate, the current Zoning Resolution was enacted and took effect in 1961.
The 1961 Zoning Resolution (30.6 MB) was a product of its time. It coordinated use and bulk regulations, incorporated parking requirements and emphasized the creation of open space. It introduced incentive zoning by adding a bonus of extra floor space to encourage developers of office buildings and apartment towers to incorporate plazas into their projects. In the city’s business districts, it accommodated a new type of high-rise office building with large, open floors of a consistent size. Elsewhere in the city, the 1961 Zoning Resolution dramatically reduced residential densities, largely at the edges of the city.
Although based upon the leading planning theories of the day, aspects of those zoning policies have revealed certain shortcomings over the years. The emphasis on open space sometimes resulted in buildings that overwhelm their surroundings, and the open spaces created by incentive zoning provisions have not always been useful or attractive. Urban design theories have changed as well. Today, tower-in-the-park developments, set back far from the city street, are often viewed as isolating and contrary to the goal of creating a vibrant urban streetscape.
Time passes, land uses change, and zoning policy accommodates, anticipates and guides those changes. In a certain sense, zoning is never final; it is renewed constantly in response to new ideas—and to new challenges.
- 1961 Zoning Resolution
The Zoning Resolution that went into effect on December 15, 1961 to advance a modern vision of emerging economic, social, environmental, and physical realities. Adopted by the Board of Estimate on December 15, 1960. - Plan for Rezoning the City of New York (by Harrison, Ballard and Allen, October 1950)
Harrison, Ballard and Allen were retained by the City to develop recommendations towards an overhaul and modernization of the 1916 Zoning Resolution. Plan for Rezoning details eight proposals and their impact on the city. The report was submitted to the City Planning Commission in October 1950. Much of its contents form the basis for the 1961 Zoning Resolution. - Zoning New York City (by Voorhees Walker Smith & Smith, August 1958)
This second consultant’s report, issued by architects Voorhees Walker Smith & Smith in August 1958, builds on the recommendations laid out eight years prior in Harrison, Ballard and Allen, and outlines a new Resolution in significant detail. This extensive proposal contains the text and maps that would ultimately become the new Zoning Resolution, with an accompanying explanatory report. It is organized to detail the use and structure of zoning districts, the drawing of new zoning maps, industrial performance standards, large-scale developments, non-conforming uses, and regulations governing residential development, off-street parking, light and air, height around airports, and the administration of zoning. - Zoning Committee Meeting Minutes, 1959
The Zoning Committee formed by City Planning Commission Chairman James Felt and DCP staff met throughout June, July and August 1959 to review the Voorhees report and craft a comprehensive proposal. These minutes provide a detailed account of the committee’s inner workings and policy debates. - Planning Progress 1959
The Planning Progress report summarizes all activities of the City Planning Commission in 1959, and outlines progress made by the Commission in revising the Zoning Resolution over the course of the year. - Public Hearing Transcripts on 1961 Zoning Resolution Proposal
This collection of transcripts comprises 14 volumes of testimony from 10 public hearings held before the City Planning Commission throughout March and September 1960. These transcripts provide an in depth portrait of the concerns and opinions of architectural and planning professionals, and interested citizens. Hearings were held sequentially on citywide policy changes and on specific changes to each borough.
- City Planning Commission Notes from 1960 Public Hearings
Minutes of the Special Meeting of the City Planning Commission. Summary information about each of the March public hearings (see Public Hearing Transcripts), including Chairman James Felt’s daily opening remarks, a list of those making appearances and the communications read into the record. - City Planning Commission Report and Resolution on 1961 Zoning Resolution Proposal
City Planning Commission report on the Comprehensive Amendment of the Zoning Resolution, dated October 18, 1960. This report is a comprehensive overview of the Commission’s steps in evaluating a new Zoning Resolution, the need for new zoning and the deficiencies in the existing Resolution. - Board of Estimate Resolution on 1961 Zoning Resolution Proposal
Board of Estimate report on the Comprehensive Amendment of the Zoning Resolution, dated December 15, 1960. - Planning Progress 1961
The Planning Progress report summarizes all activities of the City Planning Commission and DCP in 1961, and outlines work done on the Zoning Resolution in the year it went into effect. - Zoning Handbook
A guide to understanding and using the Zoning Resolution. Released in 1961 following adoption, this handbook provides a layman summary of the major features and the structure of the new Resolution. - City Planning Commission Reports
City Planning has released approximately 25,000 City Planning Commission reports dating back to 1938. View them on the Commission Reports page.
Conference Description
For almost 100 years, zoning has played a significant, sometimes controversial role in guiding growth and change in American cities. In 1916, New York City enacted the Nation’s first comprehensive zoning resolution. Almost 50 years later, the City adopted its 1961 Zoning Resolution to advance a modern vision of emerging economic, social, environmental, and physical realities. Over the past 50 years, the 1961 Zoning Resolution has evolved to reflect new ideas and realities regarding the City’s development. Changes to zoning have often occurred in the context of neighborhood and citywide debates about the nature of growth, change, and preservation in the City.
In this 50th anniversary year of the 1961 Zoning Resolution, the New York City Department of City Planning, the Harvard University Graduate School of Design, and the Steven L. Newman Institute of Baruch College came together to host “Zoning the City,” a day-long conference designed to cultivate new thinking about zoning as a governmental tool that may be used to address major economic, social, environmental, and physical challenges facing New York City in the 21st century. Co-chaired by City Planning Chair Amanda Burden and Harvard Professor Jerold S. Kayden, the conference featured prominent experts who described the urban challenges and the role zoning should, and should not play in meeting them. The conference explored the possibilities and limitations of zoning as New York City seeks to compete globally, offer economic and social opportunities for all its citizens, ensure a sustainable environment, and enhance its public realm.
A list of conference panels and video of the event follow below:
Introduction & Shaping New York City Through Zoning, 1961 to The Present
(To download this video, right-click the link and choose "Save Target As")- Welcome
The Honorable Robert Steel, Deputy Mayor for Economic Development, New York City - Zoning New York City
New York City Planning Commissioner Amanda M. Burden - Framing the Place of Zoning in Modern Cities
Jerold S. Kayden, Professor, Harvard University - Opening Remarks
Robert Steel, Deputy Mayor, on behalf of Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg - The 1961 Zoning Resolution: Historical Context and Vision
Hilary Ballon, University Professor and Deputy Vice Chancellor, New York University - The 1961 Zoning Resolution: Evolution in Response to Changing Conditions
Alex Garvin, President, Adjunct Professor of Urban Planning and Management, Yale University and President, Alex Garvin & Associates, Inc.
Carol Willis, Founder, The Skyscraper Museum, New York and Adjunct Associate Professor of Urban Studies, Columbia University - Moderated discussion with speakers and audience questions and answers
Moderator: Rick Bell, Executive Director, American Institute of Architects New York
- Welcome
- Planning challenges facing New York City in the 21st Century
(To download this video, right-click the link and choose "Save Target As")- The Competitive City
Dan Doctoroff, Chief Executive Officer and President, Bloomberg LP - The Equitable City
Rosanne Haggerty, Founder, Common Ground and Founder and Executive Director, Community Solutions - The Sustainable City
Rohit Aggarwala, Special Advisor to the Chair C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group - The Physical City
Paul Goldberger, Architecture Critic, The New Yorker - Moderated discussion with speakers and audience questions and answers
Moderator: Errol Louis, Host, "Inside City Hall", NY1
- The Competitive City
- Zoning’s Role in Addressing Planning Challenges Facing New York City in the 21st Century: Intro, Zoning and the Competitive City, Zoning and the Equitable City
(To download this video, right-click the link and choose "Save Target As")- Introduction
Amanda M. Burden - Zoning and the Competitive City
Vishaan Chakrabarti, Marc Holliday Professor of Real Estate Development and Director, Real Estate Development Program, Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation, Columbia University
Kairos Shen, Director of Planning, Boston Redevelopment Authority
Moderator: Alex Garvin - Zoning and the Equitable City
Toni Griffin, Adjunct Associate Professor of Urban Planning, Harvard University Graduate School of Design
John Rahaim, Director of Planning, San Francisco
Moderator: Jerold Kayden
- Introduction
- Zoning’s Role in Addressing Planning Challenges Facing New York City in the 21st Century: Zoning and the Sustainable City, Zoning and the Physical City and Where Do We Go From Here?
(To download this video, right-click the link and choose "Save Target As")- Zoning and the Sustainable City
Harriet Tregoning, Director, Office of Planning, Washington, D.C.
Jonathan F. P. Rose, President, Jonathan Rose Companies
Moderator: Jack Nyman, Newman Institute, Baruch College - Zoning and the Physical City
Matthew Carmona, Professor of Planning and Urban Design, Bartlett School of Planning, University College London
Peter Park, Manager, Community Planning and Development Department, Denver and Loeb Fellow, Harvard University Graduate School of Design
Moderator: Paul Goldberger - Where Do We Go From Here?
Thom Mayne, Founder, Morphosis
Robert A. M. Stern, Dean, Yale School of Architecture and Founder,
Robert A. M. Stern Architects
Mary Ann Tighe, Chair, Real Estate Board of New York and Chief Executive Officer,
CB Richard Ellis New York
Moderator: Jerold S. Kayden
- Zoning and the Sustainable City
Approved in 1982, the Special Midtown District has been one of the Department’s greatest planning successes, guiding the development of the Midtown area for over 30 years. To commemorate this success, this digitized collection includes reports leading to the creation of the District, and also includes studies leading to the development of the Grand Central Subdistrict in 1992. Additionally, the City Planning Commission reports for the Special Midtown District (N 820253A ZRM) and the Grand Central Subdistrict (N 920260 ZRM) can be accessed.
- Midtown Development Project Draft Report, 1980
This mid-study report from the Department introduces its rationale for reconsidering the zoning of Midtown. The study identifies issues with 1970’s-era development in the area and lays out a future development strategy. - Midtown Development, 1981
This document describes the draft Midtown Special District and details the Department’s strategies for guiding the growth of New York City’s premier office district. - Midtown Zoning, 1982
This report caps the various documents related to the Midtown Development Project of the late 1970’s and early 1980’s in New York City. It details the recommendations of the Department of City Planning with regard to Midtown’s future growth or stabilization, presenting the new Midtown zoning text and Plain English explanations on facing pages. - Midtown Development Review, 1987
Released five years after the Special Midtown District went into effect, the document reviews the record of achievement in achieving the district’s stated goals. - Grand Central Area: Proposal for a Special Sub-District, 1989
A planning framework proposed in anticipation of future development in the Grand Central Terminal Area to ensure the enhancement of the “functional and aesthetic environment” of the Terminal. This document lays out rationale for and specifics of the Grand Central Special Sub-District, which aimed to preserve Grand Central Terminal by allowing transfers of development rights from the Terminal to neighboring building sites. The area for transfers was defined by the Terminal’s pedestrian circulation network. - Grand Central Subdistrict, 1991
This document explains the goals, boundaries, policies and prescriptions of the Grand Central Subdistrict to the public and decision-makers. It details the Subdistrict proposal, the history of the area and its zoning laws, discusses likely future development scenarios and future planning implications under the Subdistrict, and notes alternative proposals considered.
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